Process safety studies in the oil & gas industry are governed by various international codes, standards, guidelines, and reference books. Below is a comprehensive list categorized based on different study areas:
1. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- HAZID & HAZOP
- IEC 61882: Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP) Guide
- ISO 17776: Offshore Production – Major Accident Hazard Management
- CCPS – Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures
- SIL & LOPA
- IEC 61508: Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic Systems
- IEC 61511: Functional Safety – Safety Instrumented Systems for Process Industry
- CCPS – Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA)
- Bowtie & ALARP
- CCPS – Guidelines for Risk Based Process Safety
- HSE ALARP Principles – UK HSE
Reference Books
- “Hazard Identification Methods” – Frank Crawley
- “Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures” – CCPS
- “Layer of Protection Analysis: Simplified Process Risk Assessment” – CCPS
2. Fire, Explosion, and Gas Dispersion Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- QRA & Fire Risk Assessment
- API 581: Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
- NFPA 30: Flammable & Combustible Liquids Code
- CCPS – Guidelines for Consequence Analysis of Chemical Releases
- FEGDA & Gas Dispersion
- NFPA 68: Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting
- API 505: Classification of Hazardous Locations
- EI 15: Hazardous Area Classification for Installations Handling Flammable Gases
- Explosion Risk & Blast Effects
- NFPA 69: Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems
- BS EN 14034: Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds
Reference Books
- “Lees’ Loss Prevention in the Process Industries” – Trevor Kletz
- “Guidelines for Evaluating Process Plant Buildings for External Explosions, Fires, and Toxic Releases” – CCPS
- “Explosion Hazards in the Process Industries” – Rolf Eckhoff
3. Emergency Response & Escape Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- EERA & EER Studies
- IMO SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Regulations
- API RP 14C: Analysis, Design, Installation, and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms
- OGP 343: Recommended Guidelines for Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue
- Fire Protection & Emergency Planning
- NFPA 10: Portable Fire Extinguishers
- NFPA 101: Life Safety Code
- API RP 521: Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressurizing Systems
Reference Books
- “Fire Protection Engineering in Process Facilities” – CCPS
- “Principles of Fire Risk Assessment in Buildings” – David Yung
4. Environmental & Impact Assessment (EIA) Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- Environmental Impact & Risk Assessment
- ISO 14001: Environmental Management Systems
- EPA Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment
- IFC Performance Standards on Environmental & Social Sustainability
- Oil Spill & Air Dispersion
- API 653: Aboveground Storage Tanks Inspection and Repair
- OISD 116: Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Depots & Installations
- USEPA AERMOD: Air Dispersion Modeling System
Reference Books
- “Environmental Impact Assessment: A Guide to Best Practices” – Judith Petts
- “Air Quality Modeling – Theories, Methodologies, Computational Techniques” – P. Zannetti
5. Reliability & Integrity Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- Reliability & Availability
- ISO 14224: Collection & Exchange of Reliability and Maintenance Data for Equipment
- API RP 581: Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
- FMECA, Fault Tree & Event Tree Analysis
- IEC 60812: Analysis Techniques for System Reliability – FMECA
- IEC 61025: Fault Tree Analysis
Reference Books
- “Reliability, Maintainability, and Risk” – David Smith
- “Guidelines for Implementing Risk-Based Process Safety” – CCPS
6. Process & Piping Safety Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- Process Safety & Piping Studies
- API 570: Piping Inspection Code
- API RP 14E: Design & Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems
- CCPS – Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems
- HIPPS & Overpressure Protection
- IEC 61508 & IEC 61511 for Safety Instrumented Systems
- API RP 521: Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressurizing Systems
Reference Books
- “Pressure Relief and Safety Valves” – Mohammed A. Malek
- “Process Safety Calculations” – CCPS
7. Safety System & Compliance Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- Process Safety Compliance
- OSHA PSM 29 CFR 1910.119: Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
- ISO 45001: Occupational Health & Safety Management System
- CCPS – Guidelines for Auditing Process Safety Management Systems
Reference Books
- “Process Safety Management Guide” – CCPS
- “Industrial Safety & Risk Management” – Louis J. Gullo
8. Pipeline & Hydraulic Studies
Standards & Guidelines
- Pipeline Integrity & Surge Analysis
- API 579: Fitness for Service
- ASME B31.3: Process Piping Code
- ISO 13623: Petroleum & Natural Gas Industries – Pipeline Transportation Systems
Reference Books
- “Pipeline Risk Assessment: The Definitive Approach and Its Role in Risk Management” – W. Kent Muhlbauer
9. Explosion Protection & Structural Safety
Standards & Guidelines
- Blast & Fire Structural Design
- API RP 752: Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Buildings
- NFPA 2113: Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments
Reference Books
- “Explosion Protection Systems” – Heinrich Groh
- “Structural Design for Fire Safety” – Andrew H. Buchanan
10. Offshore & Floating Facilities Safety
Standards & Guidelines
- Offshore Safety & FPSO Studies
- API RP 2A-WSD: Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms
- ISO 19901-3: Offshore Structures – Topsides Structure
Reference Books
- “Offshore Safety Management” – Ian Sutton
- “Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Handbook” – Angus Mather
Conclusion
The oil & gas industry follows a mix of API, NFPA, IEC, ISO, CCPS, OSHA, and regional guidelines for process safety studies.